Water fluoridation has faced sustained opposition since its inception, with critics raising ethical, scientific, and sociopolitical concerns. This article examines the ethical tension between collective benefit and individual choice, the health risks associated with fluoride exposure such as dental and skeletal fluorosis, and the emerging debate over fluoride’s potential neurological effects. It also explores the cultural and political dimensions of fluoridation resistance, including misinformation, grassroots activism, and public referendums. Through these lenses, the article provides a comprehensive analysis of the enduring controversies surrounding this public health measure.
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