⚔️ 1547 – The Battle of Pinkie in Scotland, part of the War of the Rough Wooing, ended in a decisive English victory, marking the last pitched battle between England and Scotland. ⚔️🏴

⚓ 1813 – The U.S. Navy, led by Commodore Oliver Hazard Perry, won the Battle of Lake Erie during the War of 1812, securing control of the lake and boosting American morale. 🇺🇸⚓

👑 1898 – Empress Elisabeth of Austria, "Sisi," was assassinated by Italian anarchist Luigi Lucheni in Geneva, shocking Europe due to her tragic life and popularity. 👑💔

📜 1919 – The Treaty of Saint-Germain was signed, dissolving the Austro-Hungarian Empire, creating new nations, and forbidding Austria's unification with Germany. 🌍📝

🌍 1943 – The Allies launched Operation Avalanche, invading mainland Italy during World War II, a critical step in the eventual defeat of the Axis powers in Europe. 🇮🇹⚔️

🌐 1946 – The first session of the United Nations Security Council was held in Washington, D.C., marking the beginning of the UN’s global role in maintaining peace and security. 🕊️🌍

🇬🇮 1967 – Gibraltar held a referendum in which over 99% of the population voted to remain under British sovereignty, rejecting Spain's territorial claims. 🇬🇮🗳️

⚖️ 1977 – France used the guillotine for the last time to execute Hamida Djandoubi, marking the end of capital punishment in the country before its abolition in 1981. ⚖️🇫🇷

🇺🇳 2002 – Switzerland officially joined the United Nations, reflecting its evolving role in global diplomacy while maintaining its policy of neutrality. 🇨🇭🌐

🔬 2008 – The Large Hadron Collider at CERN was powered up for the first time, eventually leading to the discovery of the Higgs boson in 2012, a groundbreaking moment in physics. 🔬🌌