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For our 13th annual celebration of people who are driving the next generation of technological breakthroughs, we’re presenting the stories in a new way. We’ve grouped them by categories that reflect the variety of approaches that people can take to big problems. First we introduce you to Inventors, who are creating new technologies. Next come Entrepreneurs, who are turning technologies into viable businesses. Then meet the Visionaries, who are anticipating how technologies can make life better, while Humanitarians are concentrating on expanding opportunities. Finally, the Pioneers are exploring new frontiers, setting the stage for future innovations.

In this Special Issue, Technology Review’s 35 Innovators Under 35. All 35 of these people are doing exciting work that could shape their fields for decades. But they’re solving problems in remarkably different ways. We consider some of them to be primarily Inventors; they’re immersed in building new technologies. Others we call Visionaries, because they’re showing how technologies could be put to new or better uses. Humanitarians are using technology to expand opportunities or inform public policy. Pioneers are doing fundamental work that will spawn future innovations; such breakthroughs will be taken up by tomorrow’s Entrepreneurs, people who are building new tech businesses. Everyone on the list was nominated either by the public or by MIT Technology Review’s editors. Some got our attention when they were picked by our international publishing partners as Innovators Under 35 for their regions. After our editors pared the roughly 500 nominees to 80 finalists, outside judges rated the originality and impact, or potential impact, of their work; those scores guided the editors as they crafted the list.

In this issue: "Microsoft's Top Lawyer Becomes a Civil Rights Crusader" by Tom Simonite; "Bill Gates Doubles His Bet on Wiping Out Mosquitoes with Gene Editing" by Antonio Regalado; "Manufacturing Dopamine in the Brain with Gene Therapy" by Antonio Regalado; "China's Headlong Rush into an Ultra-expensive Cancer Therapy" by Yiting Sun; "Fetal Cells Offer Promise in Prenatal Testing" by Bonnie Rochman; "A Big Step Forward in the Quest for a Better Painkiller" by Adam Piore; "Life as an Entrepreneur in a Violent Mexico" by Adam Popescu.

Welcome to Technology Review’s Special Edition for September 2012 on the 35 Innovators Under the Age of 35. Some members of our latest list of young innovators from around the world have developed consumer Web services you might have used, such as Spotify or Dropbox. Others are making more fundamental breakthroughs that have yet to be commercialized, such as more efficient engines or improvements in optical communications. And a few are blazing trails in fields that didn’t exist before, like pop-up fabrication of tiny machines, or cameras that can see around corners. But all 35 of them have something significant in common: their work is likely to be influential for a very long time. We hope that these stories about them surprise and inspire you.

In this issue, you’ll learn how Artificial intelligence is finally getting smart. You’ll hear about the next frontier of the genome revolution. You’ll learn about a maverick neuroscientist who believes he has deciphered the code by which the brain forms long-term memories. You’ll hear about the debate over what our responsibilities and duties are to help safeguard the distant future from global warming. And you’ll learn why we need technology that enhances human drivers’ abilities rather than making those abilities increasingly obsolete.

In this issue: "Procuring Innovation" by Fred Kaplan; "The Hole in the Digital Economy" by David Talbot; "Rejuvenating the Chance of Motherhood?" by Karen Weintraub; "The Cancer Lottery" by Stephen S. Hall; and "Google's Long, Strange Life Span Trip" by Antonio Regalado.

In this issue, you’ll learn how new devices that monitor activity, sleep, diet, and even mood, could make us healthier and more productive. You'll hear how crooks peddling fake antivirus software have duped the Web in a billion-dollar rip-off. You’ll learn about a stem-cell treatment that holds out hope to people who are paralyzed. You’ll hear how the former CTO of Microsoft is trying to transform the way we eat.

Deep learning antivirus software could reduce malware infections significantly.

Researchers at Georgia Tech have developed an algorithm to help humanoid robots hit the ground without breaking themselves.

Biologists often emphasize how little anyone really knows about the brain, the genome, and the mechanisms behind effective drugs. But this year their tune changed as diverse technologies - gene editing, stem cells, cloning, and DNA databases - coalesced into an immensely powerful toolkit for manipulating life. The message in 2015 seemed to be: “We can do anything.”

The robots didn’t really take over in 2015, but at times it felt as if that might be where we’re headed. There were signs that machines will soon take over manual work that currently requires human skill. Early in the year details emerged of a contest organized by Amazon to help robots do more work inside its vast product fulfillment centers.

For 51 years, newborn babies have gotten a heel-prick test in which their blood is screened for dozens of congenital disorders. Routine newborn screening has basically eliminated the risk of death or irreversible brain damage that some of these disorders can pose if they are not identified right away. Now some researchers in Boston are trying to find out if genomic sequencing at birth would be as successful.

According to Adam Tilton, when you get down to it, there really isn't that much of a difference between estimating the path and speed of a missile and figuring out what kind of exercise you're doing at the gym: it's all about using a sensor to measure a signal, and extracting that signal from the surrounding noise.

Does playing football cause permanent brain damage? If it wasn’t already, that question is now squarely in the zeitgeist thanks to Hollywood and Will Smith. The answer is not so straightforward, however. We are likely to learn a lot more about the subject in 2016 because so many labs are focused on concussion research right now. But scientists are only beginning to understand the details of how concussions - also a serious problem in the military - damage the brain.

The startup is exploring a molten chloride reactor concept, but says it remains committed to traveling wave reactors.

Diana Bianchi championed tests that find Down syndrome early in pregnancy. Now can she find a way to treat it?

A new plant opening in Morocco signals the technology’s direction.

The ongoing decline in oil prices, which began as early as 2012, accelerated noticeably in 2015. The benchmark West Texas Intermediate oil price fell to $34.53 a barrel on December 18, lower than it’s been since before the financial crash of 2008, with no floor in sight. Goldman Sachs has predicted that oil could fall as low as $20 a barrel, a development that would cripple most oil-producing economies and have geopolitical ripple effects for years to come.

Researchers have begun to understand the economic and social damage caused by climate change.

While many scientists and climate change activists hailed December’s Paris agreement as a historic step forward for international efforts to limit global warming, the landmark accord rests on a highly dubious assumption: to achieve the goal of limiting the rise in global average temperature to less than 2 °C (much less the more ambitious goal of 1.5 °C), we don’t just need to reduce emissions of carbon dioxide to essentially zero by the end of this century.